Use of multiple leads and a long strip is of great assistance in evaluating the wave forms of an arrhythmic dog. Arrhythmias are also observed during sedation, anesthesia administration of sympathomimetic, sympatholytic, parasympathomimetic, or parasympatholytic drugs electrolyte therapy cancer therapy pain hypothermia hyperthermia exercise or excitement/fear.ĭiagnosis of arrhythmia is easy by systematic evaluation of the ailing dog and its electrocardiogram. Causes of arrhythmias of cardiac origin are congenital or hereditary diseases of the heart, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, ischemia, trauma, neoplasm, pericardial effusions, or valvular heart diseases, while non-cardiac causes of arrhythmias include respiratory problems (respiratory arrest, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, brachycephalic airway disease, pulmonary shunting, etc.), hypoxic state (anemia, hypervolemia, shock), neurologic defects (cerebral lesions, spinal cord lesions, increased intracranial pressure, vagosympathetic disorders), gastrointestinal tract diseases (acute gastric dilatation, pancreatitis, peritonitis, volvulus), endocrine abnormalities (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypoadrenocorticism, hyperadrenocorticism, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia), urogenital diseases (renal failure, pyometra, acute prostatitis), and blood and lymphatic abnormalities (anemia, lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma). Researches in canine cardiology have indicated that an arrhythmia may arise from either cardiac or non-cardiac origin. Prevalence of arrhythmias among population of 20,000 new cases Prevalence among arrhythmias % ( n = 608) Prevalence of arrhythmias in dogs (Varshney et al. The arrhythmias were grouped into three categories as sinus arrhythmia, abnormalities of impulse formation, and abnormalities of impulse conduction with a prevalence rate as 1.295%, 1.415%, and 0.33%, respectively (Table 10.1). A study at this hospital has revealed the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias as 3.04% in a population of 20,000 canine cases (Varshney et al. In India large-scale studies on the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias are lacking. Surveys done in other countries revealed that the incidence of arrhythmias in dogs varied from 3.17% to 42% in different circumstances. As has been emphasized earlier, electrocardiogram is an effective tool in differentiating the type of arrhythmias. Asymptomatic arrhythmias are benign having no clinical significance and require no particular therapeutic attention, but arrhythmias associated with clinical manifestations (symptomatic arrhythmias) are serious enough to threaten the life and need proper differential diagnosis and immediate therapeutic intervention. When bouts of tachycardia are prolonged, it is called sustained tachycardia. Brief bouts of tachycardia are called paroxysmal tachycardia. Occurrence of premature impulses in three or more is generally referred to as episode of tachycardia. The ectopic beat or abnormal impulse may occur singly or in multiples. The ectopic beat occurring late or after the normal sinus impulse is called escape rhythm. When the ectopic beat is occurring earlier than the next expected normal sinus impulse, it is termed as premature beat or premature complex. The ectopic impulses may originate from the atrium, junction, or ventricle and are referred to as atrial, junctional, supraventricular, or ventricular ectopic beats on the basis of their seat of origin. The abnormal impulses generating outside the usual pace maker (in the SA node) are termed as ectopic impulses. Any impulse that generates outside the sinoatrial node (usual pace maker) causes arrhythmias. There is hardly any dog that has not experienced arrhythmia in his or her lifetime. Cardiac arrhythmias, disturbances in rhythm, and rate of the heart are frequently encountered in canine practice.
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